Table 1 : In vitro antibiotic susceptibility of R. typhi strain Wilmington (ATCC VR-144). The minimum antibiotic doses or MAD (mg/egg) allowing a DMST > 2.5 days in the embryonated egg model, and MICs (mg/L) obtained in cell culture models are presented.
|
Antibiotics |
Embryonated eggs MAD (mg/egg) |
Cell Cultures MICs (mg/L) |
References |
|
Penicillin G |
|
100 |
(4) |
|
Methicillin |
|
500 |
(4) |
|
Oxacillin |
|
>500 |
(4) |
|
Ampicillin |
|
500 |
(4) |
|
Amoxicillin |
|
128 |
(39) |
|
Cephalothin |
|
>100 |
(4) |
|
Streptomycin |
10,000
|
>500 |
(45) (4) |
|
Gentamicin |
500
|
16 |
(54) (39) |
|
Kanamycin |
|
500 |
(4) |
|
Neomycin |
|
>250 |
(4) |
|
Chloramphenicol |
|
1 |
(4) |
|
Chlortetracycline |
125 |
1 |
(32) (4) |
|
Oxytetracycline |
50 30 |
|
(48) (47) |
|
Tetracycline |
|
0.1 |
(4) |
|
Doxcycline |
50 |
0.125 |
(48) (39) |
|
Erythromycin |
50 40 |
1 0.5 |
(48) (32) (4) (39) |
|
Lincomycin |
|
100 |
(4) |
|
Pristinamycin |
|
2 |
(39) |
|
Josamycin |
|
1 |
(39) |
|
Clarithromycin |
|
1 |
(39) |
|
Telithromycin |
|
0.5 |
(38) |
|
Ciprofloxacin |
|
1 |
(39) |
|
Ofloxacin |
|
1 |
(39) |
|
Pefloxacin |
|
1 |
(39) |
|
Sulfisoxazole |
|
>200 |
(4) |
|
Sulfadiazine |
|
>500 |
(4) |
|
Rifampin |
50 |
0.25 |
(48) (39) |
Table 2. Recommendations for antibiotic treatment of R. typhi infections.
|
Condition |
antibiotic |
dose |
duration |
References |
|
endemic typhus in adult and in child > 8 years |
1. doxycycline |
100 mg b.i.d. p.o. (i.v. in case of severe disease) |
7-14 days |
(14) |
|
2. doxycycline |
100-200 mg p.o. |
single dose |
(23) |
|
|
3. chloramphenicol |
500mg every 6 hours |
7-14 days |
(14) |
|
|
child of less than 8 years old |
1. doxycycline |
100-200 mg p.o. |
single dose |
(12, 22, 53) |
|
2. chloramphenicol |
50mg/Kg/day in divided doses every 6 hours |
7-14 days |
(12, 22, 53) |