Rabbit antithymocyte globulin (rATG) [Thymoglobulin(R); Thymoglobuline(R)] is a purified, pasteurized preparation of polyclonal gamma immunoglobulin raised in rabbits against human thymocytes that is indicated for the prevention and/or treatment of renal transplant rejection in several countries worldwide. rATG induction in combination with immunosuppressive therapy is more effective in preventing episodes of acute renal graft rejection in adult renal transplant recipients than immunosuppressive therapy without induction. The efficacy of rATG induction is generally better than that of equine antithymocyte globulin (eATG) induction and generally no different from that of basiliximab or low-dose daclizumab induction in this patient population. However, in high-risk patients, rATG induction was more effective than daclizumab or basiliximab induction in preventing acute renal graft rejection. In the treatment of renal graft rejection in adult renal transplant recipients, rATG was more effective than eATG in terms of the successful response rate, although the agents generally did not differ with regard to most other endpoints. Both induction and treatment with rATG are generally well tolerated, although adverse events, such as fever, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia, appear more common with rATG than with other antibody preparations. The overall incidence of infection associated with rATG induction was generally no different from that seen with eATG or basiliximab induction, although was higher with rATG than with basiliximab in high-risk patients. The incidence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease generally did not differ between rATG and eATG induction, and there was no significant difference between rATG and daclizumab induction with regard to the incidence of CMV infections or the proportion of patients who received treatment for a CMV episode or infection. Relative to basiliximab, the incidence of CMV infection was generally higher with rATG, except in high-risk patients. In the treatment of acute renal rejection, the nature and incidence of infections were generally similar with rATG and eATG. The incidence of malignancies is generally low with rATG therapy and generally does not differ from that seen with other agents. Further prospective comparative studies would be beneficial in order to definitively position rATG with respect to other antibody preparations. In the meantime, available clinical data suggest that rATG is an effective and generally well tolerated option for the prevention and treatment of acute renal graft rejection in renal transplant recipients.