Dihydropteroate synthase gene mutations in Pneumocystis and sulfa resistance

Emerg Infect Dis. 2004 Oct;10(10):1721-8. doi: 10.3201/eid1010.030994.

Abstract

Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) remains a major cause of illness and death in HIV-infected persons. Sulfa drugs, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) and dapsone are mainstays of PCP treatment and prophylaxis. While prophylaxis has reduced the incidence of PCP, its use has raised concerns about development of resistant organisms. The inability to culture human Pneumocystis, Pneumocystis jirovecii, in a standardized culture system prevents routine susceptibility testing and detection of drug resistance. In other microorganisms, sulfa drug resistance has resulted from specific point mutations in the dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) gene. Similar mutations have been observed in P. jirovecii. Studies have consistently demonstrated a significant association between the use of sulfa drugs for PCP prophylaxis and DHPS gene mutations. Whether these mutations confer resistance to TMP-SMX or dapsone plus trimethoprim for PCP treatment remains unclear. We review studies of DHPS mutations in P. jirovecii and summarize the evidence for resistance to sulfamethoxazole and dapsone.

Publication types

  • Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Anti-Infective Agents / administration & dosage
  • Anti-Infective Agents / pharmacology
  • Anti-Infective Agents / therapeutic use
  • Dapsone / pharmacology
  • Dihydropteroate Synthase / genetics*
  • Dihydropteroate Synthase / metabolism
  • Drug Resistance, Fungal / genetics*
  • Gene Expression
  • Humans
  • Mutation*
  • Pneumocystis carinii / drug effects
  • Pneumocystis carinii / enzymology*
  • Pneumocystis carinii / genetics
  • Pneumonia, Pneumocystis / drug therapy
  • Pneumonia, Pneumocystis / mortality
  • Risk Factors
  • Sulfamethoxazole / pharmacology
  • Sulfones / pharmacology*
  • Sulfones / therapeutic use
  • Trimethoprim / pharmacology

Substances

  • Anti-Infective Agents
  • Sulfones
  • Dapsone
  • Trimethoprim
  • Dihydropteroate Synthase
  • Sulfamethoxazole