A severe, unusual reaction to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus

Clin Infect Dis. 1992 May;14(5):1034-9. doi: 10.1093/clinids/14.5.1034.

Abstract

The clinical features of three patients with a life-threatening reaction to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) are presented along with seven other cases from the literature. All patients developed sudden fever and hypotension immediately after the administration of TMP-SMZ; usually this reaction occurred within approximately 2 weeks of completion of a previous course of the drug. All but one patient had a rash. Most patients were hypoxemic and developed diffuse pulmonary infiltrates. All patients responded rapidly to supportive care, while bacterial cultures remained negative. The presence, absence, or character of previous adverse reactions to TMP-SMZ did not predict subsequent severe reactions. Although its mechanism remains unclear, this reaction has features of both IgE-mediated anaphylaxis and cytokine (tumor necrosis factor)-mediated effects. We advise extreme caution, with close observation, when this drug is first readministered to patients who have experienced any TMP-SMZ-associated toxicity within the previous 6-8 weeks.

Publication types

  • Case Reports
  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Adult
  • Diarrhea / complications
  • Diarrhea / drug therapy*
  • Dyspnea / chemically induced
  • Fever / chemically induced
  • HIV Infections / complications*
  • Humans
  • Hypotension / chemically induced
  • Hypoxia / chemically induced
  • Male
  • Middle Aged
  • Pneumonia, Pneumocystis / complications
  • Pneumonia, Pneumocystis / drug therapy*
  • Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination / adverse effects*
  • Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination / therapeutic use
  • Urinary Tract Infections / complications
  • Urinary Tract Infections / drug therapy*

Substances

  • Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination