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Antimicrobial Therapy and Vaccines

Volume I: Microbes

Table of Contents

I. Bacteria

II. Mycobacteria

III. Rickettsia

IV. Miscellaneous

V. Fungi

VI. Viruses 

VII. Parasites

Editors:

                    

Victor L. Yu,   Rainer Weber,  Didier Raoult

 

Associate Editors:

                        

John H. Rex, Robert W. Shafer, Nicholas J. White,

           

John J. Treanor, Nina Singh

         

Managing Editor:

Meena H. Seenivasan

First Edition (1998):

Editors: Victor L. Yu, Thomas C. Merigan, Steven L. Barriere 

Associate Editors: Alan M. Sugar, Didier Raoult, Charles Peloquin, Michael Iseman

[Bacteria][Mycobacteria][Rickettsia][Miscellaneous][Fungi][Viruses][Parasites]
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I. Bacteria

Achromobacter (Alcaligenes) species   Sally A. Roberts, MBChB,FRACP, FRCPA, Selwyn D R Lang, MBChB, FRACP, FRCPA

Acinetobacter species  Eugenie Bergogne-Berezin, M.D.

Actinobacillus species  Susan L. Taylor,MBChB, FRCPA, Selwyn D.R. Lang, MBChB, FRACP, FRCPA

Actinomyces species (Actinomycoses)  Michael M. McNeil, M.D., MPH,  Klaus P. Schaal, M.D.

Aerococcus urinae    Jens Jorgen Christensen, M.D., DMSc., Robert Skov, M.D.

Aeromonas species    Wen-Chien Ko, M.D.

Anaerobic Bacteria    Maria Hedberg, Ph.D., Carl Erik Nord, M.D., Ph.D.

Arcanobacterium haemolyticum    Juan-Ignacio Alos, Ph.D.

Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax)    Arthur M. Friedlander, M.D., Henry Heine, Ph.D.

Bacillus species    Carmelita U. Tuazon, M.D., MPH

Bacteroides species    David W. Hecht, M.D.

Bordetella pertussis (Whooping Cough) and other species    Jussi Mertsola, M.D., Qiushui He, M.D.

Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme Disease)    Eugene D. Shapiro, M.D., David L. Coleman, M.D.

Borrelia species (Relapsing Fever)    Teshale Seboxa, M.D., MSc., Daniel Fekade, M.D.

Brucella species (Brucellosis)    Edward J. Young, M.D.

Burkholderia cepacia complex     David A. Pegues, M.D.

Burkholderia pseudomallei (Melioidosis ) and B. mallei (Glanders)     Nicholas J. White, M.D., Andrew J.H. Simpson, M.D.

Campylobacter species    Ban Mishu Allos, M.D., Martin J. Blaser, M.D.

Capnocytophaga species    Hillar Vellend, M.D.

Cardiobacterium hominis    Selwyn R.Lang, MBChB, FRACP, FRCPA, Arthur J. Morris, BSc, M.D., Dip ABMM, FRCPA

Chromobacterium violaceum     Dragana Drinkovic, M.D., Arthur J. Morris, BSc, M.D., Dip ABMM, FRCPA

Chryseobacterium and Myroides species    M. Cecilia Di Pentima, M.D., MPH, FAAP

Citrobacter species     Shan-Chwen Chang, M.D., Ph.D.

Clostridium botulinum (Botulism)    Cindy P. Dougherty, Pharm.D., Meena H. Seenivasan, M.D.

Clostridium difficile    Stuart Johnson, M.D., Dale N. Gerding, M.D.

Clostridium species (Clostridium perfringens, C. butyricum, C. clostridioforme, C. innocuum, C. ramosum, C. septicum, C. sordellii, C. tertium)    Itzhak Brook, M.D., MSc

Clostridium tetani (Tetanus)     James Campbell, AIBMS, Jeremy Farrar, BSc, MB, BS. MCRP, D.Phil

Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Diphtheria)    Christine C. Chiou, M.D.

Edwardsiella tarda     David J. Holland, MB, ChB, FRACP, FRCPA, Ph.D.

Eikenella corrodens    Ellie J.C. Goldstein, M.D., Michael L. Towns, M.D., Casey Chen, D.D.S., Ph.D.

Enterobacter species    Maria Virginia Villegas, M.D., John P. Quinn, M.D.

Enterococcus species     Marcus J. Zervos, M.D., Joseph W. Chow, M.D., Anne Chen, M.D., Robert R. Muder, M.D.

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae     Annette C. Reboli, M.D.

Escherichia coli     Allen C. Cheng, MB, BS, FRACP, Nathan M. Thielman, MD, MPH, Richard L. Guerrant, M.D.

Francisella tularenesis (Tularemia)     Richard F. Jacobs, M.D.

Gemella species     William Riebel, M.D.

Haemophilus ducreyi (Chancroid)    Pierre J. Plourde, M.D., FRCPC

Haemophilus influenzae     Mark A. Herbert, Richard E. Moxon

Helicobacter pylori Infection    Maria Pina Dore, M.D., Ph.D., David Y. Graham, M.D.

Kingella species     Michael Towns, M.D.

Klebsiella granulomatous (Granuloma inguinale)    John Richens, M.D.

Klebsiella species (K. pneumoniae, K. oxytoca, K. ozaenae and K. rhinoscleromatis)    David L. Paterson, M.D., Feng-Yee Chang, M.D.

Lactococcus species (Lactococci)    William Riebel, M.D.

Legionella species (Legionnaires disease)    Miguel Sabria, M.D., Victor L. Yu, M.D.

Leptospira species (Leptospirosis)    Solly Faine, M.D., Ph.D., FRCPA

Leuconstoc species     Michael Green, MD, MPH, Andrew J. Nowalk, MD, PhD, William Riebel, M.D.

Listeria monocytogenes (Listeriosis)    Bennett Lorber, M.D., DSc (Hon)

Moraxella catarrhalis     Armando Meza, M.D., Abraham Verghese, M.D., Steven L. Berk, M.D.

Morganella species    Vivek Kak, M.D.

Myroides species    M. Cecilia Di Pentima, M.D., MPH, FAAP

Neisseria gonorrhoeae      John S. Moran, M.D., MPH, Andreas Tietz, M.D.

Neisseria meningitides    Ke Keith Cartwright, MA, BM, FRCPath

Nocardia species (Nocardiosis)    Michael M. McNeil, M.D., June M. Brown, M.D.

Oerskovia species     John D. Rihs

Pasteurella multocida and Other Pasteurella species     Sharon Hunt Gerardo, Ph.D., Ellie J.C. Goldstein, M.D.

Pediococci    William Riebel, M.D.

Plesiomonas shigelloides    David Murdoch, MB, ChB, DTM&H, FRACP, FRCPA, Selwyn D.R. Lang, MBChB, FRACP, FRCPA

Propionibacterium acnes    Itzhak Brook, M.D. MSc

Proteus species    Dora Szabo, David L. Paterson, M.D.

Providencia species   Robert R. Muder, M.D., Masashi Narita, M.D.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa     Ashish Acharya, M.D., David L. Paterson, M.D.

Rhodococcus equi infections   Patricia Munoz, M.D., Pablo Martín Rabadán MD, Emilio Bouza MD, PhD

Roseomonas species    John D. Rihs

Rothia dentocariosa    R. Zbinden, M.D., MSc

Salmonella typhi (Typhoid Fever) and S. paratyphi (Paratyphoid Fever)    David B. Huang, M.D., Ph.D., MPH, Nicholas J. White, D.Sc., M.D., FRCP, Herbert L. DuPont, M.D.

Salmonella, Non-Typhoidal Species (S. Choleraesuis, S. Enteritidis, S. Hadar, S. Typhimurium)     Cheng-Hsun Chiu, M.D., Ph.D. and Lin-Hui Su, M.Sc.

Serratia marcesens    Celine Herra, M.Sc., Frederick R. Falkiner, B.A., Ph.D., FTCD

Shigella species (Shigellosis)    Shai Ashkenazi, M.D., M.Sc.

Sphingomonas paucimobilis     Adeel A. Butt, M.D.

Spirillium minus (Rat bite fever)    Mark E. Rupp, M.D.

Staphylococcus aureus    John Turnidge, M.D., Nalini Rao, M.D., Feng-Yee Chang, M.D., Vance G. Fowler, M.D.

Staphylococcus epidermidis and other Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci    Ross J. Davidson, Ph.D., Donald E. Low, M.D., FRCP

Staphylococcus lugdunensis    Meena H. Seenivasan, M.D.

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia    Robert R. Muder, M.D. , Amjad Shidyak, M.D.

Streptobacillus moniliformis (Rat bite fever)    Mark E. Rupp, M.D.

Streptococcus Group B     Russell W. Steele, M.D.

Streptococcus pneumoniae    Ian R. Friedland, M.D., Keith P. Klugman, M.D., Ph.D.

Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcus   Judy Martin, M.D., Dennis L. Stevens, Ph.D., M.D.

Streptococcus species (Group G and Group C Streptococci, Viridans Group, Nutritionally Variant Streptococci)    James S. Tan, M.D., MACP, Thomas M. File, M.D., FACP

Treponema Pallidum (Syphilis)   Lori E. Fantry, M.D., MPH, Edmund C. Tramont, M.D, FACP

Treponema pertenue, Treponema carateum, Treponema endemicum (Yaws, Pinta, Bejel)     Meena H. Seenivasan, M.D.

Vibrio cholerae (Cholera)    Carlos Seas, M.D., Eduardo Gotuzzo, M.D.

Vibrio vulnificus    Yin-Ching Chuang, M.D., Kun-Yen Huang, M.D., Ph.D.

Yersinia enterocolitica    Maurice R. Scavizzi, M.D.

Yersinia pestis (Plague) and Y. pseudotuberculosis   Thomas Butler, M.D.

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II. Mycobacteria

Group II. Scotochromogenic Mycobacterium (M. scrofulaceum, M. szulgai, M. gordonae)   Michael D. Iseman, M.D., Charles W. Atwood, Jr., M.D.

Group IV: Rapid Growing Mycobacteria (RGM)     Michael D. Iseman, M.D.

Mycobacterium avium Complex (MAC)    Michelle S. Cespedes, M.D. and Judith A. Aberg, M.D.

Mycobacterium haemophilum   Mini Kamboj, M.D., Timothy E. Kiehn, Ph.D.

Mycobacterium kansasii    David E. Griffith, M.D., Richard J. Wallace, Jr., M.D.

Mycobacterium leprae (Leprosy)     Christian Lienhardt, M.D., DTM, MSc, Keith P.W.J. McAdam, MA, MBBChair, FRCP, FWACP

Mycobacterium marinum     David E. Griffith, M.D., Richard J. Wallace, Jr., M.D.

Mycobacterium terrae   Darvin Scott Smith, M.D.

M. tuberculosis Complex (Tuberculosis)    Charles L. Daley, M.D., Henry F. Chambers, M.D.

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III. Rickettsia

Coxiella burnetii (Q fever)    Thomas J. Marrie, M.D.

Ehrlichia and Anaplasma species (Ehrlichiosis)   Johan S. Bakken, M.D., FACP, J. Stephen Dumler, M.D.

Orientia tsutsugamushi (Scrub Typhus)    Philippe Parola, M.D., Ph.D., Philippe Brouqui, M.D, Ph.D., George Watt, M.D.

Rickettsia akari (Rickettsialpox)     Didier Raoult, M.D., Ph.D., Max Maurin, M.D., Ph.D.

Rickettsia prowazekii (Epidemic Typhus and Brill-Zinsser Disease)    Max Maurin, M.D., Ph.D., Didier Raoult, M.D., Ph.D.

Rickettsia rickettsia (Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever)    David H. Walker, M.D., Daniel J. Sexton, M.D.

Rickettsia typhi (Murine typhus)    Max Maurin, M.D., Ph.D., Didier Raoult, M.D., Ph.D.

Rickettsia species (R. africae,R. australis, R. conori, R. felis, R. helvetica, R. honei, R. japonicam, R. mongolotimonae, R. slovaca, R. sibirica)    Didier Raoult, M.D., Ph.D., Max Maurin, M.D., Ph.D.

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IV. Miscellaneous

Bartonella species    Jane E. Koehler, M.D., David A. Relman, M.D.

Chlamydophila (Chlamydia) pneumoniae    Lisa A. Jackson, M.D., MPH, J. Thomas Grayston, M.D.

Chlamydia psittaci (Psittacosis)    David Schlossberg, M.D., FACP

Chlamydia trachomatis    Julius Schachter, Ph.D.

Mycoplasma pneumoniae      Julia A. McMillan, M.D.

Mycoplasma species (M. hominis, M. genitalium, M. fermentans)    Christiane Bebear, M.D., Cecile M. Bebear, M.D., Ph.D., Michel Dupon, M.D.

Tropheryma whippelii (Whipple’s Disease)    David N. Fredricks, M.D., David A. Relman, M.D.

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V. Fungi

Aspergillus species (Aspergillosis)    David L. Paterson, M.D., Nina Singh, M.D.

Blastomyces dermatidis (Blastomycosis)     Peter G. Pappas, M.D.

Candida species (Candidiasis)    John H. Rex, M.D., Jack D. Sobel, M.D., William G. Powderly, M.D.

Coccidioides immitis (Coccidioidomycosis)    Neil M. Ampel, M.D., Paul L. Williams, M.D.

Cryptococcus neoformans (Cryptococcosis)    M. Hong Nguyen, M.D., Cornelius J. Clancy, M.D., Ismail Zafer Ecevit, M.D.

Dematiaceous fungi: (Chromoblastomycosis, Mycetoma, Phaeohyphomycosis)    Sanjay G. Revankar, M.D.

Fusarium Marcio Nucci, M.D., Elias Anaissie, M.D.

Histoplasma capsulatum (Histoplasmosis)   L. Joseph Wheat, M.D.

Hyalohyphomycosis (Acremonium, Fusarium, Paecilomyces, Scedosporium and Others)    Elias N. Kiwan, M.D., Elias J. Anaissie, M.D.

Malassezia furfur    Gerard R. Barber, R.Ph., MPH, Kent Sepkowitz, M.D.

Paracoccidioidomycosis brasiliensis (Paracoccidioidomycosis)     Ricardo Negroni, M.D.

Penicillium marneffei (Pencillosis)    Bertrand Dupont, M.D.

Pneumocystis (carinii) jiroveci    Catherine F. Decker, M.D., Henry Masur, M.D.

Sporothrix schenckii (Sporotrichosis)    Carol A. Kauffman, M.D.

Zygomycetes (Mucormycoses)    Corina E. Gonzalez, M.D., Thomas J. Walsh, M.D., FACP, FCCP

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VI. Viruses

Adenovirus: Enteric     Dorsey M. Bass, M.D., Harry B. Greenberg, M.D.

Astroviruses     Dorsey M. Bass, M.D., Harry B. Greenberg, M.D.

Australian Bat Lyssavirus     Joe McCormack,M.D.

Barmah Forest Virus    Joe McCormack,M.D.

Calciviruses (Norwalk virus)    Dorsey M. Bass, M.D., Harry B. Greenberg, M.D.

Chikungunya Virus    Chandrakant Lahariya, M.D.

Cytomegalovirus     Stephen A. Spector, M.D., Janet L. Davis, M.D., Nina Singh, M.D.

Dengue    Bridget Wills, M.D.

Enteroviruses (Polioviruses, Coxsackieviruses, Echoviruses and Numbered Enteroviruses)    Jose R. Romero, M.D., FAAP

Epstein-Barr Virus Infections     Sankar Swaminathan, M.D., Frederick C.S. Wang, M.D.

Hanta virus   Marcela Ferrés MD, MPH and Cecilia Perret, M.D.

Hendra virus    Joe McCormack,M.D.

GB Virus (Hepatitis G virus)   Kendo Kiyosawa, M.D.

Hepatitis A Virus    Raymond S. Koff, M.D.

Hepatitis B Virus   Stéphanie Villet, Ph.D., David Durantel, Ph.D., Fabien Zoulim, M.D., Ph.D.

Hepatitis C Virus    Steven K. Herrine, M.D., Adeel A. Butt, M.D.,

Hepatitis E Virus   Raymond S. Koff, M.D.

Herpes Simplex Virus    David W. Kimberlin, M.D.

Human Herpes Virus-6 (HHV-6)    Nina Singh, M.D., Donald R. Carrigan, Ph.D.

Human Herpes Virus-7 (HHV-7)    Nina Singh, M.D., Donald R. Carrigan, Ph.D.

Human HerpesVirus 8 (HHV-8)    Harutaka Katano, DDS, Ph.D., Tetsutaro Sata, M.D., Ph.D.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)   Eric S. Daar, M.D.; Joseph J. Eron, M.D.; Joel E. Gallant, M.D., Ph.D.; Robert M. Grant, M.D., MPH; Mark Holodniy, M.D.; David A. Kat zenstein, M.D.; Janell Kobayashi, Pharm.D.; Michael J. Louie, M.D.; Martin Markowitz, M.D.; JoCarol McNabb, Pharm.D.; Robert W. Shafer, M.D.; Cheryl Walker, M.D.; Andrew R. Zolopa, M.D.

Human Metapneumovirus   Guy Boivin, M.D., MSc, FRCPC, Marie-Ève Hamelin

Influenza virus    John Treanor, M.D.

       CDC recommends against the use of amantadine and rimantadine 2006

       Avian influenza: assessing the pandemic threat, World Health Organization

Measles Virus (Rubeola)   Sophie Chabot, Ph.D., Brian J. Ward, MDCM

Menangle virus    Joe McCormack,M.D.

Molluscum Contagiosum Virus   Daniel S. Lerner, BA and Nanette B. Silverberg, M.D.

Mumps   Blaise L. Congeni, M.D.

Papillomaviruses    William Bonnez, M.D.

Parainfluenza Virus     John Treanor, M.D.

Poxviruses (Variola (Smallpox), Vaccinia, Monkeypox)   Thomas R. Talbot, M.D., MPH

Rabies Virus    Cherie L. Drenzek, DVM, MS, Charles E. Rupprecht, VMD, MS, PhD

Respiratory Syncytial Virus   Edward E. Walsh, M.D., Ann R. Falsey, M.D.

Rhinoviruses     Ronald B. Turner, M.D.

Ross River Virus    Joe McCormack,M.D.

Rotaviruses    Dorsey M. Bass, M.D., Harry B. Greenberg, M.D.

Rubella Virus (German Measles)    Shigetaka Katow, Ph.D.

SARS Virus    David SC Hui, M.D., FRCP, FRACP, FCCP, Joseph JY Sung, M.D.phD, FRCP, FRACP, FACG

Varicella Zoster Virus     Ann M. Arvin, M.D., Jason G Newland, M.D.

West Nile Virus     Wehbeh A. Wehbeh, M.D., James J. Rahal, M.D.

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VII. Parasites

Acanthamoeba species    Stan Deresinski, M.D.

Angiostrongylus species    Michael Martin, M.D., MPH, DTM&H, Helmut Albrecht, M.D., DTM&H

Anisakis and Pseudoterranova species (Anisakiasis)    Carlos Franco-Paredes, M.D., Helmut Albrecht, M.D., DTM&H

Ascaris lumbricoides (Ascariasis)     Ore Samuel Asaolu, Ph.D., Ifeanyi Emmanuel Ofoezie, Ph..D., Ogbonna Cyprian Onyeji, Ph.D.

Babesia species (Babesiosis)    Charles Thompson, M.D., Peter J. Krause, M.D., David M. Persing, M.D.

Balamuthia species     Stan Deresinski, M.D.

Balantidium coli (Balantidiasis)    Paul Kelly, M.D.

Baylisacarris procyonis    Helmut Albrecht, M.D., DTM&H, Michael Martin, M.D., MPH, DTM&H

Blastocystis hominis    David R. Shlim, M.D., Charles W. Hoge, M.D.

Capillaria species     John H. Cross, Ph.D.

Clonorchis Sinesis   John H. Cross, Ph.D.

Cryptosporidium parvum (Cryptosporidiosis)     A. Clinton White, Jr., M.D., Meena H. Seenivasan, M.D.

Cutaneous Larva Migrans     Helmut Albrecht, M.D., DTM&H, Carlos Franco-Paredes, M.D.

Cyclospora cayetanensis   Charles W. Hoge, M.D., David R. Shlim, M.D.

Dientamoeba fragilis    Paul Kelly, M.D.

Dirofilaria immitis (Dirofilariasis)    Helmut Albrecht, M.D., DTM&H, Robin Hampton, M.D., Ph.D.

Dracunculus medinensis (Dracunculiasis)    Pascul Magnussen, M.D., DTM&H

Echinococcus species (Echinococcosis)    Dominique Angele Vuitton, M.D., Ph.D.,  Isabelle Beurton, M.D., Said Harraga, Ph.D., Gilles Paintaud, M.D., Ph.D.

Echinostoma and Related Echinostomatid Flukes    David I. Grove, M.D.

Entamoeba histolytica (Amebiasis)   Eric Houpt, M.D., William Petri, Jr., M.D., Ph.D.

Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworm)    David I. Grove, M.D.

Fasciola species    John H. Cross, Ph.D.

Fasciolopsis buski    David I. Grove, M.D.

Filariasis     Pascal Magnussen, M.D., DTM&H

Giardia lamblia (Giardiasis)    Jeannine F.J.B. Nellen, M.D., Joost O.M. Zaat, M.D, Ph.D., Peter Speelman, M.D., Ph.D.

Gnathostoma species (Gnathostomiasis)     Robin Hampton, M.D., Ph.D., Helmut Albrecht, M.D., DTM&H

Heterophyes, Metagonimus and Related Heterophyid Flukes    David I. Grove M.D.

Hookworms (Ancyclostoma duodenale and Necator americanus)    Reshad Dobardzic, M.D., Ph.D., Peter J. Hotez, M.D., Ph.D., Azra Dobardzic, M.D., Ph.D.

Isospora belli      David S. Lindsay, Ph.D., Louis M. Weiss, M.D., MPH

Leishmania species (Leishmaniasis)    Piet A. Kager, M.D.

Loa loa (Loiasis)    Amy D. Klion, M.D.

Microsporidia (Microsporidiosis)     Rainer Weber, M.D.

Naegleria fowleri      Stan Deresinski, M.D.

Nanophyetus salmincola    David I. Grove M.D.

Onchocerca volvulus (Onchocerciasis)     Michel Boussinesq, M.D., Ph.D.

Opisthorchis species     John H. Cross, Ph.D.

Paragonimus species (Paragonimiasis)     Kittipong Maneechotesuwan, M.D., Suchai Charoenratanakul, M.D., FRCP

Plasmodium species (Malaria)     Nicholas J. White, M.D., Arjen M. Dondorp, Daniel H.  Paris, Carlos Francos-Paredes

Schistosoma species (Schistosomiasis)     Adel F. Mahmoud, M.D., Ph.D.

Spirometra species    John H. Cross, Ph.D.

Strongyloides stercoralis (Strongyloidosis)     David I. Grove, M.D.

Taenia solium (Cysticercosis)   Hector H. Garcia, M.D., Ph.D., Julio Sotelo, M.D.

Taenia species (T. multiceps, T. serialis, T. brauni)    John H. Cross, Ph.D.

Tapeworms (Taenia saginata, Hymenolopsis species, Dipylidium species, Diphyllobothrium, Bertiella species, Inermacapsifer madaascariensis, Railleitina species)    Alasdair Fraser, Philip S. Craig

Toxocara species (Toxocariasis)    Jean-Francois Magnaval, M.D., Dr.Sc., Philippe Dorchies, VMD, Lawrence T. Glickman, VMD, Ph.D.

Toxoplasma gondii (Toxoplasmosis)    Jacques Couvreur, Catherine Leport

Trichinella spiralis (Trichinellosis)    George Watt

Trichomonas vaginalis (Trichomoniasis)    Joseph G. Pastorek, II, M.D., FACOG, FACS

Trichostrongylus species     David I. Grove, M.D.

Trichuris Trichiura       Ore Samuel Asaolu, Ph.D., Ogbonna Cyprian Onyeji, Ph.D., Ifeanyi Emmanuel Ofoezie, Ph..D.

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (African Trypanosomiasis)    Jacques Pepin, M.D., FRCPC, MSc

Trypanosoma cruzi (American Trypanosomiasis or Chagas  Disease)    Louis V. Kirchhoff, M.D., MPH

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