Table 1.  Geographic Distribution and Clinical Characteristics of the Two Varieties of C. neoformans.

Table 2. Currently Available Antifungal Agents Against Cryptococcus Neoformans, and Their Characteristics.

Table 3. Recommended treatment for cryptococcosis. [Download PDF]

Vignettes

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Guideline: Perfect et al. IDSA Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Cryptococcal Disease: 2010 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2010;50(3): 291-322.

Review Article: Adhikari P, Mietzner T.  Cell Mediated Immunity. 2008.

Golnaz Javey and Jeffrey Zuravleff.  Papilledema. 2008.

Review Article: Singh, N., Perfect, J. Immune Reconstitution Syndrome Associated with Opportunistic Mycoses. The LANCET Infectious Diseases 2007; Vol.7, Issue 6, 395-401.

Review Article:  Singh, N., Novel immune regulatory pathways and their role in immune reconstitution syndrome in organ transplant recipients with invasive mycoses.  Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2008;27(6):403-408. 

Datta K, Bartlett KH, et al. Spread of Cryptococcus gattii into Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009 Aug;15:1185-91.

Deresinski, S. Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS) in HIV-Infected Patients with Cryptococcal Meningitis. Clin Infect Dis 2009;49: iii-iv.

Jarvis JN et al. Screening for Cryptococcal Antigenemia in Patients Accessing an Antiretroviral Treatment Program in South Africa.Clin Infect Dis. 2009 Apr 1;48(7):856-62.

Kontoyiannis DP, Lewis RE, et al.  Calcineurin Inhibitor Agents Interact Synergistically with Antifungal Agents In Vitro against Cryptococcus neoformans isolates: Correlation with Outcome in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients with Cryptococcosis.  Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008;52:735-738.

Pappas PG, Chetchotisakd P, et al. A Phase II Randomized Trial of Amphotericin B Alone or Combined with Fluconazole in the Treatment of HIV-Associated Cryptococcal Meningitis. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 48:1775-83.

Pappas PG, et al.  A Phase II Randomized Trial of Amphotericin B Alone or Combined with Fluconazole in the Treatment of HIV-Associated Cryptococcal Meningitis.  Clin Infect Dis 2009;48:1775-1783.

Sun HY, et al.  Lipid Formulations of Amphotericin B Significantly Improve Outcome In Solid Organ Transplant Recipients with Central Nervous System Cryptococcosis.  Clin Infect Dis 2009;49:1721-1728.

Springer DJ, Chaturvedi V. Projecting Global Occurrence of Cryptococcus gattii. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010 Jan;16:14-20.

Sun HY, Wagener MM, et al. Cryptococcosis in Solid-Organ, Hematopoietic Stem Cell, and Tissue Transplant Recipients: Evidence-Based Evolving Trends. Clin Infect Dis. 2009 Jun 1;48:1566-76.

Alffenaar JWC.  Pharmacokinetics

Authors

M. Hong Nguyen, M.D., Cornelius J Clancy, M.D., Ismail Zafer Ecevit, M.D.

First Edition (1998): M. Hong Nguyen and John R. Graybill