Table 1. Pharmacokinetics of quinine and quinidine in subjects without malaria
(A)
|
Reference |
Subject |
n |
Assay, site |
Drug, route |
Initial dose, time |
Cmax |
tmax |
t1/2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
mg/L |
h |
h |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Berlin (1975) |
Ad |
6 |
EF, p |
QS, po |
100, 325, 650 mg |
|
11.3a, 12.6a, 10.8a |
10.8-12.6 |
|
|
|
6 |
EF, p |
QS, po |
100, 325, 650 mg |
|
8.5b, 12.4b, 16.4b |
8.5-16.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Garnham (1976) |
Ad |
9 |
MP, p |
QS, QHCl, po |
600mg |
|
|
10.7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Trenholme (1976) |
Ad |
5 |
EF, p |
QS, po |
540 mg |
|
|
7.3±2(4.2-9.3) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sabcharoen (1982) |
Ch, con |
17 |
EF, p |
QHCl, iv |
10mg/kg, 1-4h |
5.1-6.7 |
|
5.2-7.55 |
|
|
|
5 |
EF, p |
QS, po |
10mg/kg |
3.4±1.1 |
|
3.2±0.3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
White (1982) |
Ad, con |
9 |
EF, p |
QHCl, iv |
10mg/kg, 4h |
|
|
11.1±4.1(7.3-19.7) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
White (1983) |
Ad |
7 |
EF, p |
QHCl, iv |
5mg/kg, 4-5m |
|
|
11.1±2.1(9-14.9) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Wanwimolruk(1986) |
Ad |
6 |
EF, p |
QS, po |
600mg |
4.3±0.9a |
1.5±0.7a |
7.6±1.3c |
|
|
Cimetidine |
6 |
EF, p |
QS, po |
600mg |
4.4±1a |
1.6±0.4a |
11.3±3.7c |
|
|
Ranitidine |
6 |
EF, p |
QS, po |
600mg |
4.5±1.4a |
1.6±0.8a |
8.6±2.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Jamaludin (1988) |
Ad |
9 |
HPLC, p |
QEC, po |
600mg |
4.1±1.2(2.4-5.7)a |
2.5±1(1.4-4.3)a |
|
|
|
Ad |
9 |
HPLC, p |
QHCl, po |
600mg |
5.2±1.3(3.3-7.6)a |
1.7±0.9(0.5-3.6)a |
|
|
|
Ad |
9 |
HPLC, p |
QS, po |
600mg |
4.2±0.9(3.2-5.8)a |
2.6±0.7(1.8-3.9)a |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Salako (1989) |
Ch |
7 |
HPLC, p |
QHCl, po |
10mg/kg |
2.4±0.3(2.1-2.7)c |
1.5±0.6(0.8-2)c |
8±1.3(6.2-10)c |
|
|
Ch, kwa |
6 |
HPLC, p |
QHCl, po |
10mg/kg |
1.7±0.5(1.4-2.7)c |
2.5±0.3(2-2.5)c |
15±4.4(8.6-18.9)c |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Wanwimolruk(1991) |
GDQM |
8 |
HPLC, p |
QS, po |
600mg |
6.2±0.9(4-7.4)a |
2.4±0.6(1.5-3)a |
10.9±1.7 (8.7-12.9)a |
|
|
PDQM |
5 |
HPLC, p |
QS, po |
600mg |
4.6±0.8(3.2-5.4)a |
2.7±0.9(1.5-4)a |
10.2±1.6 (8.1-12.2)a |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Wanwimolruk (1991) |
Ad |
12 |
HPLC, p |
QS, po |
600mg |
5.6±1.2(3.2-7.7)a |
2.5±0.7(1.5-4)a |
10.5±1.6(8.1-12.9)c |
|
|
Eld |
8 |
HPLC,p |
QS, po |
600mg |
5±1.3(3.6-7.1)a |
2.3±1.2(1-4)a |
18.4±5.7(11.9-28.5)c |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Wanwimolruk (1991) |
Ad |
7 |
HPLC,p |
QS, po |
600mg |
5.6±0.9(4.8-7)a |
2.1±0.9(1-3)a |
11.8±2.7(9.3-16.9)a |
|
|
Ad |
7 |
HPLC,p |
QS+OC, po |
600mg |
5.3±1(3.3-6.2)a |
1.4±0.7(0.75-2.5)a |
12.5±1.9(9.6-15.1)a |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Salako (1992) |
Ad |
10 |
HPLC, p |
QHCl, po |
600mg |
3.8±2.7(2.2-11.3)a |
2.1±0.57(1-3) |
11.5±2.7(7.4-15.7)a |
|
|
|
7 |
HPLC, p |
QHCl, iv |
600mg, 4h |
3.38±1.1(2-5.2)a |
4.1±0.19(4-4.5) |
12.6±2.5(8.1-14.9)a |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Paintaud (1993) |
Ad |
6 |
HPLC, p |
QHCl, po |
15mg/kg |
4.93(0.91) |
1.84(1.02-3) |
10.7(2.88) |
|
|
Ad |
6 |
HPLC, p |
QHCl, po |
15mg/kg |
5.09(0.55) |
2.01(1.67-2.33) |
10.9(3.7) |
|
|
Ad |
6 |
HPLC, p |
QHCl, iv |
15mg/kg, 6h |
|
|
11.3(3.1) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Karbwang (1993) |
Ad |
8 |
HPLC, p |
QHCl, iv |
10mg/kg, 1h |
4(2.1-5.8)b |
|
9.9(8.8-15.1)b |
|
|
|
8 |
HPLC, p |
QdHCl, iv |
10mg/kg,1h |
3.3(2.1-4.8)b |
|
5.7(5-10)b |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Wanwimolruk (1993) |
NSM |
10 |
HPLC, p |
QS, po |
600mg |
5±0.8(3.4-6.3)a |
3.4±2.5(1.5-10)a |
12±3.1(8.3-19.2)c |
|
|
SM |
10 |
HPLC, p |
QS, po |
600mg |
4.1±1.2(2.6-6.1)a |
2.7±0.6(1.5-4)a |
7.5±1.4(5.4-9.6)c |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Karbwang (1993) |
Hep |
6 |
HPLC, p |
Q, iv |
10mg/kg, 2h |
3.5(2.1-5.3)a |
1.1(1-1.2)a |
17(11-26)a |
|
|
Con |
6 |
HPLC, p |
Q, iv |
10mg/kg, 2h |
3.4(2.8-4.5)a |
1.1(1-1.2)a |
15(11-19)a |
|
|
Ad |
6 |
HPLC, p |
Q, iv |
10mg/kg, 2h |
3.2(2.1-3.8)a |
1a |
10(9-14)c |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dyer (1994) |
Eld |
10 |
HPLC, s |
QS, po |
600mg |
3.4±0.8a |
|
19.9±6.3a |
|
|
Eld/NIDDM |
12 |
HPLC, s |
QS, po |
600mg |
3.7±0.8a |
|
20±7.5a |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Babalol (1996) |
Ad |
4 |
HPLC, p |
QS, po |
600mg |
2.88±0.25(2.57-3.16) b |
2.75±0.5 a |
12.85±4.6(6.75-17.32) a |
|
|
|
|
HPLC, sa |
|
|
0.9±0.25(0.74-1.21) b |
4.25±1.3 a |
11.77±5.8(6-18.32) a |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sowunmi (1996) |
Ad |
7 |
HPLC, p |
QHCl, po |
300mg |
1.6±0.6 |
2.4±1.5 |
9±3.2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
600mg |
2.7±0.5 |
2.8±1.4 |
11.4±2.7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1200mg |
4.97±3.1 |
3.2±1.4 |
12.7±3.9 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rimchala (1996) |
Ad, CRF |
6 |
HPLC, p |
QS, po |
600mg |
6.17(3.76-10.2) b |
4.5(1-6) a |
26(12.5-62.2) b |
|
|
Ad, no CRF |
6 |
|
|
|
3.45(2.25-3.91) b |
1.6(0.8-2) a |
9.7(7.8-17.2) b |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tréluyer (1996) |
Ch |
7 |
HPLC,p |
Qm, im |
25mg/kg |
10.7±2.9(6.6-15) |
2.3±2.9(1-4.1)b |
10.1±3.4(5,5-16.5)b |
|
|
|
|
HPLC 3OH |
|
|
0.24±0.13(0.08-0.48) |
6.2±2(4-9) |
|
|
|
Ch, pcm |
8 |
|
Qm, im |
25mg/kg |
9.9±3.1(4.7-13) |
1.2±0.4(0.9-2.9)b |
6.3±1.8(4.5-8.9)b |
|
|
|
|
HPLC 3OH |
|
|
0.4±0.19(0.19-0.67) |
4.4±1.3(2.1-6.1) |
|
(B)
|
Reference |
AUC(0-inf) |
V |
CL |
fu |
fe |
CLur |
|
|
mg/l.h |
L/kg |
ml/min/kg |
% |
0-48h |
ml/min/kg |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Berlin (1975) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Garnham (1976) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Trenholme (1976) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sabcharoen (1982) |
|
1-1.2 |
1.9-3.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1.4±0.2 |
5±0.6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
White (1982) |
|
2.7±0.47(2-3.7) |
3.1±1.2(1.5-4.6) |
|
|
0.53±0.2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
White (1983) |
|
1.8±0.37(1.4-2.4) |
1.9±0.45(1.3-2.6) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Wanwimolruk(1986) |
53.9±16.9b |
|
3.03±1.1b |
|
|
|
|
|
76.8±32.3b |
|
2.2±0.92b |
|
|
|
|
|
64.9±28.5b |
|
2.8±1.6b |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Jamaludin (1988) |
61.2±18.1(40-92.3)a |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
67.9±29.4(46.2-135.7)a |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
63.5±15.8(39.3-89.2)b |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Salako (1989) |
25±2.4(21.5-27.6)c |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
37.5±6.8(24.5-44.3)c |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Wanwimolruk(1991) |
97±20(67-122)b |
|
1.22±0.32(0.85-1.83)a |
12.7±1.6(10.5-14.9)a |
11.8±2.5(8.4-15.6)a |
0.15±0.05(0.08-0.27)a |
|
|
72±17(53-86)b |
|
1.53±0.35(1.2-1.88)a |
12.2±2.3(8.5-14.4)a |
10.3±2.2(7.5-12.8)a |
0.17±0.03(0.1-0.183)a |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Wanwimolruk (1991) |
87±23(52-132)b |
|
1.4±0.33(0.83-1.88)b |
12.4±1.9 (8.5-15)a |
11.2±2.5(7.5-15.5)c |
0.162±0.057(0.088-0.26)a |
|
|
120±30(74-168)b |
|
1.03±0.17(0.67-1.55)b |
10.9±2.7(6.5-15.6)a |
16.6±3.7(9.3-22.1)c |
0.21±0.077(0.13-0.26)a |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Wanwimolruk (1991) |
88.3±32.2(64.6-159.6)a |
|
2±0.42(1.25-2.5)a |
22.7±6.2(15.1-34)a |
|
|
|
|
85.7±24.4(45.9-120.3)a |
|
2.2±0.92(1.2-3.9)a |
22.4±6.1(15-30.5)a |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Salako (1992) |
45.4±23(17.1-98.2)a |
|
4±2(1.7-7.8)a |
|
|
|
|
|
50.8±15.39(42.1-83.6)a |
3.62±1(2.5-4.9) |
3.2±0.5(2.2-3.8)a |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Paintaud (1993) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
104(23) |
1.72(0.38) |
2(0.5) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Karbwang (1993) |
|
3.1(1.8-4.1)b |
3.4(1.8-4.6)b |
9.4(7.3-15)b |
|
|
|
|
|
3.5(2.5-5.6)b |
7.7(3.9-11.4)b |
22.8(15.4-47.2)b |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Wanwimolruk (1993) |
93±35(38-169)c |
|
|
10.3±2.6(8.1-17.3)a |
10.2±2.4(7.1-15.2)c |
0.181±0.05(0.1-0.3)c |
|
|
52±19(27-85)c |
|
|
12±2.7(8.4-17.2)a |
7.1±2.4(3.6-11.2)c |
0.23±0.12(0.07-0.43)c |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Karbwang (1993) |
70.2(49-115)a |
|
2.9(1.7-4)c |
10.1(7.4-14)a |
|
|
|
|
69.1(56-85)c |
|
2.3(1-3.4)c |
9.8(8.1-11.3)a |
|
|
|
|
47.6(36-72)c |
|
3.9(1.3-4.6)b |
10.3(7.6-15)a |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dyer (1994) |
|
1.7±0.56 |
1.07±0.42c |
19(10-39), median |
|
|
|
|
|
1.7±0.63 |
1.14±0.58c |
16(9-24), median |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Babalol (1996) |
59±26.7(28.9-93.6) c |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
14.03±7.2(5.2-20.95) c |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sowunmi (1996) |
18.5±7.7 |
2.1±1.3 |
0.29±0.19 |
|
|
|
|
|
30.2±3.5 |
2.5±1.4 |
0.28±0.04 |
|
|
|
|
|
92.4±43.3 |
3.1±2.8 |
0.22±0.16 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rimchala (1996) |
|
1.82(0.85-3.2) a |
0.94(0.23-1.36) b |
7.3(3.4-12.1) |
|
|
|
|
|
2.78(1.49-3.38) a |
2.84(1.93-3.98) b |
9.8(8.7-13.5) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tréluyer (1996) |
97.5±31.4(47.8-146) 12h |
1.7±0.4(1.3-2.6) |
2.3±1.4(0.9-5.3)b |
6.3(3.3-11.5) |
|
|
|
|
2.26±1.26(0.86-4.6) 12h |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
74.9±29.1(24.7-101) 12h |
2±0.8(1.5-3.6) |
4.4±3.6(2-12.1)b |
6.6(3.5-11.7) |
|
|
|
|
3.6±1.79(2.91-6.28) 12h |
|
|
|
|
|
Data are presented as mean±SD or medians(ranges) unless stated otherwise. Modified with permission from Krishna and White 1996.
a = p>0.05; b = 0.01< p<0.05; c = p<0.01
Abbreviations: Ad = adults; Ch = children; Con = convalescent; kwa = kwashiorkor; GDQM = debrisoquine metaboliser; PDQM = poor debrisoquine metaboliser; Eld = elderly subjects; NSM = non-smoker; hep = hepatitis; NIDDM = non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus; EF = extraction fluorescence method; p = plasma; MP = metaphosphoric acid protein precipitation method; HPLC = high performance liquid chromatography; s = serum; po = oral administration; iv = intravenous administration; QS = quinine sulphate; QHCI = quinine hydrochloride; QEC = quinine ethyl carbonate; QdHCI = quinidine hydrochloride; Q = quinine (preparation inspecified); Qm = Quinimax TM; OC = oral contraceptive pill; sa = saliva; CRF = chronic renal failure; pcm = protein calorie malnutrition.
Table 2. Pharmacokinetics of quinine and quinidine in subjects with malaria
(A)
|
Reference |
Subject severity |
n |
Assay, site |
Drug, route |
Initial dose, Time |
Cmax |
tmax |
t1/2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
mg/l |
h |
h |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hall (1975) |
Ad, M |
7 |
EF |
iv |
|
|
|
21 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Trenholme (1976) |
Ad, U |
5 |
EF |
QS, po |
540mg |
|
|
8.3±4.5(3-15) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sabcharoen (1982) |
Ch, M |
36 |
EF |
QHCl, iv |
10mg/kg, 1-4h |
8.7-9.4 |
|
10.7(9.21-11.66) |
|
|
|
15 |
EF |
QS, po |
10mg/kg |
7.3±1.1 |
|
12.1±1.44 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
White (1982) |
Ad, C |
25 |
EF |
QHCl, iv |
10mg/kg, 4h |
|
|
18.2±9.7(5.8-47.2) |
|
|
Ad, M |
11 |
EF |
QHCl, iv |
10mg/kg, 4h |
|
|
16±7(8.1-31.2) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Shann (1985) |
Ch, S |
7 |
EF |
QHCl, iv |
300mg/m2 |
|
|
12.5±4.0 |
|
|
|
8 |
EF |
QHCl, im |
300mg/m2 |
|
1.4(1-2) |
8.4±2.78 |
|
|
|
6 |
EF |
QHCl, ng |
300mg/m2 |
|
3.5(3-6) |
13.1±6.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Phillips (1985) |
Ad, S |
14 |
EF |
Qdglu, iv |
15mg/kg, 4h |
|
|
12.8±5.3(6.6-24.8) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Phillips (1986) |
Ad, Pr |
10 |
EF |
QHCl, iv |
10-20mg/kg, 4h |
|
|
11.3±4.3(4.9-18.3) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Wattanagoon (1986) |
Ad, M |
8 |
EF |
QHCl, im |
20mg/kg |
11±1.6 (8.4-12.9) |
5(4-8) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Davis (1988) |
Ad, S |
7 |
HPLC |
QHCl, iv |
4mg/kg, 4m; 16mg/kg,1-4h |
|
|
15.1±8.8(8.7-34) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Davis (1990) |
Ad, S |
16 |
HPLC |
QHCl, iv |
7mg/kg, 30m |
8.7±1.2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
10mg/kg, 30m-4h |
11±1.8 |
|
7.1±1.3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Waller (1990) |
Ch, S |
21 |
HPLC |
QHCl, im |
20mg/kg |
15.4±4.5(4-25.9) |
3.3±1.6(1-6) |
18.8±8(7.5-32.4) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mansor (1990) |
Ch, M |
7 |
HPLC |
QHCl, im |
10mg/kg |
9±2.3 (5.3-11.8)* |
1.1±0.7 (0.5-2)* |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Couet (1991) |
Ad, U |
13 |
HPLC |
Qm, iv |
20mg/kg, 4h |
|
|
7.99±3.08(3.16-12.4) |
|
|
|
13 |
HPLC |
Qm, iv |
20mg/kg, 4h |
|
|
7.79±4.2(1.98-16.1) |
|
|
|
|
|
+doxy |
200mg, 1m |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Supanaranond (1991) |
Ad, U |
15 |
HPLC |
QS, po |
10mg/kg |
8.4(7.3-9.4) |
5.9±4.7 (3.5-8.4) |
|
|
|
Con |
10 |
HPLC |
QS, po |
10mg/kg |
5.7(4.5-7) |
3.2±2.1 (1.9-4.5) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pasvol (1991) |
Ch, S |
15 |
HPLC |
QHCl, iv |
20mg/kg, 2h |
15.3±5.5 |
2.4±1.5 |
12.5±3.2 |
|
|
|
13 |
HPLC |
QHCl, iv |
10mg/kg, 2h |
9.7±5.3 |
2.7±1.3 |
8.9±4b |
|
|
|
15 |
HPLC |
QHCl, im |
20mg/kg |
15.3±7.6 |
2.4±1.7 |
15.7±8.2b |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Winstanley (1993) |
Ch, S |
12 |
HPLC |
QHCl, iv |
4mg/kg, 4m; 10mg/kg 1-3h |
13.8±3.1(11-19.1) |
|
16.4±8.8(9.2-38.9)a |
|
|
|
7 |
HPLC |
QHCl, iv |
after 5th. infusion |
|
|
13.8±6.5a |
|
|
|
10 |
HPLC |
QHCl, im |
|
15.7±3.1 |
1.6±1.7(0.25-6) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Winstanley (1994) |
Ch, S |
9 |
HPLC |
QHCL, iv |
15mg/kg |
17.9±2.9(95%CI) |
2.2(2-2.5) |
12.6±3.1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Krishna (1995) |
Ch, S |
13 |
HPLC |
QHCl, im |
20mg/kg |
15.5±0.27(0.75-1.71) |
|
23.5±16.97(6.6-69.1) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Barennes (1995) |
Ch, S |
15 |
HPLC |
Qm, pr |
20mg/kg |
4.9±0.6c |
2.7(±0.4)a |
4.1(±0.6)a |
|
|
|
5 |
|
Qm, im |
12.5mg/kg |
9.1±1.2c |
1.1(±0.6)a |
3.4(±0.2)a |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
van Hensbroek (1996) |
Ch, S |
6 |
HPLC |
QHCl, iv |
20mg/kg, 4h |
17.5±2.4(15.6-20.8) |
|
13.2±6.4(9.1-26.1) |
|
|
|
10 |
HPLC |
QHCl, im |
20mg/kg |
16.4±3.7(8.8-22.5) |
1.1±0.4(0.6-2) |
15.3±7.2(6.7-27) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Barennes (1996) |
Ch, U |
7 |
HPLC |
Qglu, pr |
12.8mg/kg |
3±1(2-4.8) |
4(1-8) |
|
|
|
|
7 |
|
Qm, im |
8mg/kg |
3.2±0.7(2.1-4.2)c |
1.2(0.6-4) |
|
|
|
|
7 |
|
Qm, iv |
8mg/kg, 4h |
5.1±1.4(3.5-7)c |
4(3-4.2) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pukrittayakamee (1997) |
Ad, M/S |
16 |
HPLC |
QHCL, iv |
20mg/kg (12) |
|
|
14.9±4.7b |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Con |
12 |
HPLC |
QHCl, iv |
10mg/kg |
|
|
7.8±1.6b |
(B)
|
Reference |
AUC(0-inf) |
V |
CL |
fu |
fe |
CLur |
|
|
mg/l.h |
L/kg |
ml/min/kg |
% |
% |
ml/min/kg |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hall (1975) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Trenholme (1976) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sabcharoen (1982) |
|
0.8-0.84 |
0.82-1.11 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.87±0.12 |
1±0.1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
White (1982) |
|
1.2±0.37(0.7-2) |
0.9±0.42(0.4-1.8) |
|
|
0.21±0.16 |
|
|
|
1.7±0.34(1.2-2.3) |
1.4±0.6(0.6-2.6) |
|
|
0.21±0.08 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Shann (1985) |
90.5±36.8 (12h) |
1.5±0.39 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
87.2±38.2 (12h) |
1.3±0.26 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
95.4±54.4 (12h) |
1.4±0.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Phillips (1985) |
|
1.65±0.54(0.97-3) |
1.75±0.88(0.6-3.3) |
|
0.33±0.18(0.11-0.6) |
0.62±0.52(0.2-1.9) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Phillips (1986) |
|
0.96±0.27(0.46-1.38) |
1.22±0.77(0.33-2.91) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Wattanagoon (1986) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Davis (1988) |
|
0.74±0.3(0.38-1.05) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Davis (1990) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.93±0.1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Waller (1990) |
449±243(91-921) |
|
0.89±0.68 (0.3-3.07) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mansor (1990) |
297±115(184-466) |
|
|
14.4±3.1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Couet (1991) |
|
1.32±0.32(0.976-2.01) |
2.08±0.78 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1.44±0.48(0.864-2.3) |
2.41±1.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Supanaranond (1991) |
|
0.78±0.42b |
1.51±0.9b |
5.3±2.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
1.57±0.56b |
2.67±1.09b |
7.2±4.1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pasvol (1991) |
254±86 |
1.22±0.16c |
1.19±0.29 |
|
|
|
|
|
145±61 |
0.87±0.27c, b |
1.36±0.58 |
|
|
|
|
|
332±254 |
1.22±0.32 b |
1.12±0.56 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Winstanley (1993) |
|
0.45±0.1(0.31-0.61)c |
0.45±0.13(0.31-0.68)c |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1.54±0.6c |
1.38±0.49 c |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Winstanley (1994) |
|
0.75±0.11 |
0.81±0.24 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Krishna (1995) |
517±360(150-1630) |
1.07±0.27(0.75-1.71) |
0.73±0.43(0.17-1.84) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Barennes (1995) |
230(±9.6)c(0-48h) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
356(±4.2)c(0-48h) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
van Hensbroek (1996) |
354±143(163-631) |
1.04±0.21(0.79-1.24) |
0.51±0.16(0.25-0.72) |
|
|
|
|
|
358±164(222-685) |
1.32±0.49(0.83-2.16) |
0.59±0.25(0.23-0.9) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Barennes (1996) |
17±7.4(9.5-30) 8h |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
19.4±4.8(11.6-27.3)c 8h |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
27.8±8.2(15.2-39.7)c 8h |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pukrittayakamee (1997) |
|
1.46±0.48 |
1.18±0.6b |
9.5±4.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2.06±0.79 |
3.41±1.95b |
9.3±2.1 |
|
|
a = p>0.05; b = 0.01< p<0.05; c = p<0.01
Abbreviations: Ad = adults; M = moderate; Ch = children; U = uncomplicated; C = cerebral; S = severe; Pr = pregnant; Con = convalescent; EF = extraction fluorescence method; HPLC = high performance liquid chromatography; p = plasma; s = serum; QHCI = quinine hydrochloride; Qdglu = quinidine gluconate; QS = quinine sulphate; Qm = Quinimax TM (Sanofi); PM = pyrimethamine; SD = sulfadoxine; iv = intravenous administration; po = oral administration; im = intramuscular; ng = nasogastric; pr = intrarectal.